CANCER [MALIGNANT NEOPLASM]
Cancer is defined as any uncontrolled and unco-ordinated proliferation of cells
which invades the local tissue and metastasizes to distant organs.
The solid mass of uncontrolled cell growth is known as TUMOR.
TUMOR are of two types:
1.Benign tumors:
These are slow growing mass of neoplasm cells[cancer cells are known as neoplasm], which compresses the surrounding tissue(giving capsulated appearance) but never metastasizes to distant organs.[metastasis means lodgement or spread of neoplasmic cells to the nearby and distant organs, organs other than the origin of the tumor cells].They have good prognosis.The neoplasmic cells resemble the cells of the parent organ.As the proliferation of the cells occur by mitosis, benign tumors have fewer mitotic figures than the malignanat tumors.
2.Malignant tumors[cancer]:
These grow rapidly[NOTE: the proliferation of malignat tumor cells never exceeds than that of embryo, bone marrow or the intestinal epithelial cells], invade the surrounding tissues[grow into the surrounding tissue and deatroy them] and metastasizes to distant organs[lymph and blood are the route of metastasis, lymph being the most common route of metastasis].They usually have bad prognosis[prognosis:probability of cure and/or survival].The cells have more mitotic figures than the benign neoplasm.The cells of malignant tumor are morphologically and functionally different from the normal cells and the tumor cells are less organized than the cells of the parent organ.
Thus cancer and malignant tumor are synonyms. Its like cancer is the disease and they produce malignant tumor.Most cancer produce tumor but some like, leukemia don’t produce tumor.
The three characteristics of cancer:
1. they grow rapidly
2. they invade the surrounding tissues
3. they spread to the nearby and distant organs by help of blood or lymph, i.e. they metastasize.
Study of cancer is known as oncology.
CAUSES OF CANCER
Nearly all cancers have a genetic cause[ cancers are also known as clonal overgrowths], the proliferation is trigerred by ONCOGENES [oncogenes: genes causing cancer].Oncogenes are the activated form of proto-oncogenes i.e., proto-oncogenes are the normal version of the genes which when activated form oncogenes.Normally there are an another set of genes known as TUMOR-SUPRESSOR GENES. These prevent the cancers.When tumor-supressor genes are inactivated and proto-oncogenes activated [to form oncogenes] cancer results.
1.CARCINOGENES: THE substances or the agents causing cancer are known as carcinogens. Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus , tobacco[tar of cigarette] ,betel nut(causes oral cancer) , smoke, , high energy radiations ( gamma rays, x-ray, uv ray and alpha particles), chemicals (benzopyrines, inhaled asbestos, cadmium, nickel ,vinyl chloride, nitrosamine, benzene etc,) , infectious agents/biological agents/pathogenes ( such as certain viruses like HPV [ human papilloma virus cause cervical cancer ], hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus causes liver cancer, Rous sarcoma virus , Epistein-barr virus and bacteria Helicobacter pylori [causes stomach cancer]).
2.HORMONAL DISBALANCE:Increased level of estrogen is associated with endometrial cancer.
3.IMMUNE-SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION:In immuneocompromised patients like in case of AIDS, a lot of malignancies are associated like Kaposis’ sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
4.HEREDITARY CAUSES:Most forms of cancer have no hereditary cause and are sporadic. However some cancers have hereditary associations.
5.AGE: The risk for cancer increases with the age.
6.ETHNICITY/ RACE:Gastric cancer is more common in Japan and Colon cancer is more common in the United States.
7.SEX
8.DIETARY HABBITS:Alcohol consumption is associated with oral and esophageal cancer.Grilled meat increases the risk of stomach cancer.
9.LIFESTYLE
[Age, sex, ethnicity, lifestyle, and dietary habbits are considered as risk factors for cancer.]
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER
On the basis of the origin cancer is classified as:
1.CARCINOMA: Malignant tumors derived from the epithelial cells.For eg: Breast (carcinoma of breast). Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma), carcinoma of lung, carcinoma of stomach, carcinoma of colon, squamous cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, carcinoma of prostrate, melanoma, seminoma [note: usually for naming benign tumor “-oma ‘suffia is added for example:lipoma is the benign tumor of fat cells, but melanoma( melanocytes), seminoma(seminiferous tubules) and thymoma (thymus) are some malignant neoplasms] thymoma, endometriod carcinoma etc. Carcinoma In Situ is the pre-malignant condition where the signs of malignancy is present but there is no evidence of invasion.i.e, CIS may transform to carcinoma.
2.SARCOMA: Malignant tumors derived from the connective tissues ( bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessles etc) Examples include: bone(osteosarcoma), cartilage(chondrosarcoma), smooth muscle(leiomyosarcoma), skeletal muscle (rhabdomyosarcoma), fat (liposarcoma) [note: liposarcoma is malignant tumor, but lipoma is benign tumor, ie usually “oma”suffix is added for naming benign tumor and “-osarcoma ia added for naming malignant tumor of connective tissue origin] , blood vessles(hemangiosarcoma), lymph vessles(lymphangiosarcoma).
3.CANCER DERIVED FROM BLOOD FORMING CELLS[HEMATOPOITIC CELLS]
LEUKAEMIA: cancer of blood or bone marrow especially that of WHITE BLOOD CELLS.
LYMPHOMA: cancer of lymphocytes . Lymphomas often originate in lymph nodes.
MULTIPLE MYELOMA: cancer of plasma cells
4.GERM CELL TUMORS:TUMORS DERIVED FROM TOTIPOTENT CELLS. Benign tumors are known as “mature teratoma” while malignant tumors are known as “immature teratoma” or “dysgerminoma”
5.BLASTIC TUMORS: Blastic tumors represent the malignant tumors resembling the immature or embryonic tissue.These are mostly common in the child hood. For eg: RETINOBLASTOMA, NEUROBLASTOMA etc.
$ The commonest cancer in childhood is ALL(Acute lymphocytic leukemia)
$The commonest cancer in the males is stomach cancer(in the world)
And lung cancer in Nepal.
$ The commenest cancer in females is breast cancer (in the world)
And cervical cancer in Nepal.
CLINICAL SIGNS OF CANCER
*local swelling, lumps, hemorrhage, pain, ulceration etc are the local signs.
*signs of metastasis: enlarged lymph nodes, hemoptysis etc.
*systemic symptoms:poor appetite, weight loss, fatigue, cachexia(wasting), night sweats, anaemia etc.
DIAGNOSIS
Cancer is diagnosed with the help of BIOPSY{REMOVAL OF THE TISSUE FOR EXAMINATION}, FNAC{FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY}:STUDY OF CELLS..[NOTE: CERVICAL CARCINOMA IS DIAGNOSED BY PAP SMEAR-PAPALICOLAU SMEAR]
TREATMENT
1.SURGICAL EXCISION
2.RADIATION THERAPY(RADIOTHERAPY)
3.CHEMOTHERAPY/ANTI CANCER DRUGS: methotrexate, flurouracil, cisplatin etc.
Cancer is defined as any uncontrolled and unco-ordinated proliferation of cells
which invades the local tissue and metastasizes to distant organs.
The solid mass of uncontrolled cell growth is known as TUMOR.
TUMOR are of two types:
1.Benign tumors:
These are slow growing mass of neoplasm cells[cancer cells are known as neoplasm], which compresses the surrounding tissue(giving capsulated appearance) but never metastasizes to distant organs.[metastasis means lodgement or spread of neoplasmic cells to the nearby and distant organs, organs other than the origin of the tumor cells].They have good prognosis.The neoplasmic cells resemble the cells of the parent organ.As the proliferation of the cells occur by mitosis, benign tumors have fewer mitotic figures than the malignanat tumors.
2.Malignant tumors[cancer]:
These grow rapidly[NOTE: the proliferation of malignat tumor cells never exceeds than that of embryo, bone marrow or the intestinal epithelial cells], invade the surrounding tissues[grow into the surrounding tissue and deatroy them] and metastasizes to distant organs[lymph and blood are the route of metastasis, lymph being the most common route of metastasis].They usually have bad prognosis[prognosis:probability of cure and/or survival].The cells have more mitotic figures than the benign neoplasm.The cells of malignant tumor are morphologically and functionally different from the normal cells and the tumor cells are less organized than the cells of the parent organ.
Thus cancer and malignant tumor are synonyms. Its like cancer is the disease and they produce malignant tumor.Most cancer produce tumor but some like, leukemia don’t produce tumor.
The three characteristics of cancer:
1. they grow rapidly
2. they invade the surrounding tissues
3. they spread to the nearby and distant organs by help of blood or lymph, i.e. they metastasize.
Study of cancer is known as oncology.
CAUSES OF CANCER
Nearly all cancers have a genetic cause[ cancers are also known as clonal overgrowths], the proliferation is trigerred by ONCOGENES [oncogenes: genes causing cancer].Oncogenes are the activated form of proto-oncogenes i.e., proto-oncogenes are the normal version of the genes which when activated form oncogenes.Normally there are an another set of genes known as TUMOR-SUPRESSOR GENES. These prevent the cancers.When tumor-supressor genes are inactivated and proto-oncogenes activated [to form oncogenes] cancer results.
1.CARCINOGENES: THE substances or the agents causing cancer are known as carcinogens. Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus , tobacco[tar of cigarette] ,betel nut(causes oral cancer) , smoke, , high energy radiations ( gamma rays, x-ray, uv ray and alpha particles), chemicals (benzopyrines, inhaled asbestos, cadmium, nickel ,vinyl chloride, nitrosamine, benzene etc,) , infectious agents/biological agents/pathogenes ( such as certain viruses like HPV [ human papilloma virus cause cervical cancer ], hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus causes liver cancer, Rous sarcoma virus , Epistein-barr virus and bacteria Helicobacter pylori [causes stomach cancer]).
2.HORMONAL DISBALANCE:Increased level of estrogen is associated with endometrial cancer.
3.IMMUNE-SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION:In immuneocompromised patients like in case of AIDS, a lot of malignancies are associated like Kaposis’ sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
4.HEREDITARY CAUSES:Most forms of cancer have no hereditary cause and are sporadic. However some cancers have hereditary associations.
5.AGE: The risk for cancer increases with the age.
6.ETHNICITY/ RACE:Gastric cancer is more common in Japan and Colon cancer is more common in the United States.
7.SEX
8.DIETARY HABBITS:Alcohol consumption is associated with oral and esophageal cancer.Grilled meat increases the risk of stomach cancer.
9.LIFESTYLE
[Age, sex, ethnicity, lifestyle, and dietary habbits are considered as risk factors for cancer.]
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER
On the basis of the origin cancer is classified as:
1.CARCINOMA: Malignant tumors derived from the epithelial cells.For eg: Breast (carcinoma of breast). Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma), carcinoma of lung, carcinoma of stomach, carcinoma of colon, squamous cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, carcinoma of prostrate, melanoma, seminoma [note: usually for naming benign tumor “-oma ‘suffia is added for example:lipoma is the benign tumor of fat cells, but melanoma( melanocytes), seminoma(seminiferous tubules) and thymoma (thymus) are some malignant neoplasms] thymoma, endometriod carcinoma etc. Carcinoma In Situ is the pre-malignant condition where the signs of malignancy is present but there is no evidence of invasion.i.e, CIS may transform to carcinoma.
2.SARCOMA: Malignant tumors derived from the connective tissues ( bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessles etc) Examples include: bone(osteosarcoma), cartilage(chondrosarcoma), smooth muscle(leiomyosarcoma), skeletal muscle (rhabdomyosarcoma), fat (liposarcoma) [note: liposarcoma is malignant tumor, but lipoma is benign tumor, ie usually “oma”suffix is added for naming benign tumor and “-osarcoma ia added for naming malignant tumor of connective tissue origin] , blood vessles(hemangiosarcoma), lymph vessles(lymphangiosarcoma).
3.CANCER DERIVED FROM BLOOD FORMING CELLS[HEMATOPOITIC CELLS]
LEUKAEMIA: cancer of blood or bone marrow especially that of WHITE BLOOD CELLS.
LYMPHOMA: cancer of lymphocytes . Lymphomas often originate in lymph nodes.
MULTIPLE MYELOMA: cancer of plasma cells
4.GERM CELL TUMORS:TUMORS DERIVED FROM TOTIPOTENT CELLS. Benign tumors are known as “mature teratoma” while malignant tumors are known as “immature teratoma” or “dysgerminoma”
5.BLASTIC TUMORS: Blastic tumors represent the malignant tumors resembling the immature or embryonic tissue.These are mostly common in the child hood. For eg: RETINOBLASTOMA, NEUROBLASTOMA etc.
$ The commonest cancer in childhood is ALL(Acute lymphocytic leukemia)
$The commonest cancer in the males is stomach cancer(in the world)
And lung cancer in Nepal.
$ The commenest cancer in females is breast cancer (in the world)
And cervical cancer in Nepal.
CLINICAL SIGNS OF CANCER
*local swelling, lumps, hemorrhage, pain, ulceration etc are the local signs.
*signs of metastasis: enlarged lymph nodes, hemoptysis etc.
*systemic symptoms:poor appetite, weight loss, fatigue, cachexia(wasting), night sweats, anaemia etc.
DIAGNOSIS
Cancer is diagnosed with the help of BIOPSY{REMOVAL OF THE TISSUE FOR EXAMINATION}, FNAC{FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY}:STUDY OF CELLS..[NOTE: CERVICAL CARCINOMA IS DIAGNOSED BY PAP SMEAR-PAPALICOLAU SMEAR]
TREATMENT
1.SURGICAL EXCISION
2.RADIATION THERAPY(RADIOTHERAPY)
3.CHEMOTHERAPY/ANTI CANCER DRUGS: methotrexate, flurouracil, cisplatin etc.
1 comment:
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